10

Bioremediation for Sustainable Environmental Cleanup

Table 1.4. Different kinds of dye-degrading microorganisms.

Dye

Microorganism

References

Reactive Orange 16 Dye

Bacillus stratosphericus SCA 1007

Akansha et al. 2022

Methylene blue

Bacillus subtilis MTCC441

Upendar et al. 2017

Indigo blue

RBBR,

Sulfur Black

Cyanobacteria (Anabena flosaquae UTCC 64)

Phormidium autumnale UTEX B 1580

Synechococcus sp. PCC7942

Dellamatrice et al. 2017

Sumifex Tourgi blue dye

Alishewanella sp. CBL -2

Ajaz et al. 2018

Azo dye

Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus subtilis

Priyanka et al. 2022

Congo Red Dye

Aspergillus sp.

Singh and Dwivedi 2022

Methylene Blue Dye

Penicillium P1

Liu et al. 2022

Congo Red Dye

Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus tubingensis

Thakor et al. 2022

Azo dye

Pichia occidentalis A2 (yeast)

Wang et al. 2020

of biphenyl and naphthalene by deamination of biphenyl-4, 4′ - diamine and desulfonation of an

unexplained intermediate product (Lade et al. 2015).

1.5.5 Bioremediation of Oil Spills

Bioremediation is considered one of the most effective oil spill remediation methods. Aliphatic

(straight chain) and aromatic hydrocarbons are organic molecules largely composed of hydrogen and

carbon (cyclic). Any combination of hydrocarbons contained in crude oil is referred to as petroleum

hydrocarbons or Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPHs). Oil spills, whether accidental or deliberate,

have a significant influence on environmental contamination. Oil spills from oil tankers and far-off

oil spills are known to pose a serious threat to the environment. By using microorganisms to remove

hydrocarbon pollution from soil and water, bioremediation of oil spills makes these environments

safe for both aquatic and terrestrial animals. Bacterial species, fungal species (a technique known

as mycoremediation) and plant species can all employ bioremediation (by a process called

phytoremediation) (Table 1.5). Different factors influencing hydrocarbon degradation have been

reported by Cooney et al. (1985). Various types of aquatic plant species are capable of accumulating

HMs. Petroleum hydrocarbon molecules link to soil components, making removal and degradation

difficult (Barathi and Vasudevan 2001). The bulk of organic contaminants degrade most quickly and

completely when exposed to aerobic conditions.

In literature, toluene and other monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene

and xylene, can be degraded and eliminated by Pseudomonas putida (Saptakee 2011, Sarang

et al. 2013). When aromatic hydrocarbons are broken down by bacteria, a diol first forms, then

the aromatic ring is broken and a diacid, such as cis-cis muconic acid, is produced. Penicillium

chrysosporium, a white rot fungus, can degrade compounds such as biphenyl and triphenylmethane

(Wolskm et al. 2012).

Table 1.5. Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) degrading microorganisms.

PHCs

Microorganism

References

n-alkane (C14-C30)

Pseudomonas sp.

Zheng et al. 2018

Varjani and Upasani 2017

n-alkane

Bacillus sp.

Dellagnezze et al. 2016

tetradecane

Bacillus cerus

Li et al. 2017

hexadecane

Alcanivorax borkumensis

Omarova et al.2018

n-alkane

Aspergillus flavus

Maruthi et al. 2013

n-alkane (C11-C25)

Penicillium sp.

Govarthanan et al. 2017

n-alkane

Trichoderma sp.

Nazifa et al. 2018